@prefix dpo: . @prefix dpo-kb: . @prefix chebi: . @prefix owl: . @prefix xsd: . @prefix hp: . @prefix skos: . @prefix rdfs: . @prefix efo: . @prefix ncit: . @prefix dct: . @prefix rdf: . @prefix sio: . @prefix loinc: . @prefix symp: . dpo:Pioglitazone rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Pioglitazone"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:Thiazolidinedione ; rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:hasValue [ a dpo:PotentialASCVDBenefit ] ; owl:onProperty sio:hasAttribute ] ; owl:equivalentClass ncit:C71633 , chebi:8228 ; skos:definition "A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity. [Definition Source: CHEBI]"^^xsd:string , "An orally-active thiazolidinedione with antidiabetic properties and potential antineoplastic activity. Pioglitazone activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma), a ligand-activated transcription factor, thereby inducing cell differentiation and inhibiting cell growth and angiogenesis. This agent also modulates the transcription of insulin-responsive genes, inhibits macrophage and monocyte activation, and stimulates adipocyte differentiation. [Definition Source: NCI]"^^xsd:string . dpo:PersonalHistory a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Personal History"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:History ; owl:equivalentClass ncit:C18772 ; skos:definition "A record of a patient's background regarding health and the occurrence of disease events of the individual. In addition, personal medical history may be a variable in epidemiologic studies. [Definition Source: NCI]"^^xsd:string . dpo-kb:HighEfficacyDiabetesTherapy a dpo:HighEfficacyDiabetesTherapy . ncit:C3303 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Pain"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf ncit:C7057 . dpo:PeripheralNeuropathy a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Peripheral Neuropathy"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:MusculoskeletalSystemSymptom ; owl:equivalentClass symp:0000352 ; skos:definition "Peripheral neuropathy refers to the many conditions that involve damage to the peripheral nervous system, the vast communication network that sends signals between the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord) and all other parts of the body. [Definition Source: url:https://www.ninds.nih.gov/peripheral-neuropathy-fact-sheet ]"^^xsd:string . dpo:DiabetesHbA1CLevel a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Diabetes HbA1C Level"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:BloodGlucoseMeasurement ; owl:intersectionOf ( loinc:59261-8 [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:allValuesFrom dpo:DiabetesHbA1CRange ; owl:onProperty sio:hasValue ] ) ; skos:definition "A1C ≥6.5% (48 mmol/mol). [Definition Source: url:https://doi.org/10.2337/dc22-S002 ]"^^xsd:string . ncit:C3430 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Urinary System Disorder"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf ncit:C27551 . dpo:DiabetesTwoHourBloodGlucoseLevel a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Diabetes Two Hour Blood Glucose Level"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:BloodGlucoseMeasurement ; owl:intersectionOf ( loinc:1518-0 [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:allValuesFrom dpo:DiabetesTwoHourBloodGlucoseRange ; owl:onProperty sio:hasValue ] ) ; skos:definition "2-h PG ≥200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) during OGTT. [Definition Source: url:https://doi.org/10.2337/dc22-S002 ]"^^xsd:string . dpo:Fatigue a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Fatigue"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:NeurologicalAndPhysiologicalSymptom ; owl:equivalentClass symp:0019177 ; skos:definition "Fatigue is a neurological and physiological symptom characterized by a weariness or exhaustion from labor, exertion, or stress. [ url:http://www2.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/mwmednlm?book=Medical&va=fatigue ][Definition Source: SYMP:0019177]"^^xsd:string . chebi:71193 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "liraglutide"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:ExternalClass . dpo:SedentaryLifestyle a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Sedentary Lifestyle"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:Behavior ; owl:equivalentClass ncit:C86589 ; skos:definition "A type of lifestyle that lacks physical exercise, characterized by sitting, reading, watching television or using a computer for much of the day without vigorous physical exertion. [Definition Source: NCI]"^^xsd:string . hp:0100749 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Chest pain"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf hp:0025142 . dpo:NoKnownHypoglycemiaRisk rdfs:comment "No known association with the lowering of blood sugar below the normal range."^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "No Known Hypoglycemia Risk" ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:HypoglycemiaRisk ; skos:definition ""^^xsd:string . ncit:C16795 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Lifestyle"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf ncit:C16326 . ncit:C76906 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Alogliptin"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf ncit:C98086 . dpo:BorderlineHighTriglycerideLevel a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Borderline High Triglyceride Level"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:TriglycerideMeasurement ; owl:intersectionOf ( loinc:12228-3 [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:allValuesFrom dpo:BorderlineHighTriglycerideRange ; owl:onProperty sio:hasValue ] ) ; skos:definition ""^^xsd:string . hp:0000009 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Functional abnormality of the bladder"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:ExternalClass . ncit:C83119 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Physical Examination Finding"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf ncit:C7057 . symp:0000094 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "muscle weakness"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf symp:0000891 . symp:0000486 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "urinary system symptom"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf symp:0000462 . chebi:76983 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "N-sulfonylurea"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:ExternalClass . chebi:8228 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "pioglitazone"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:ExternalClass . ncit:C105586 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Cholesterol Measurement"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf ncit:C74949 . dpo:Dulaglutide rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Dulaglutide"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:GLP1RA ; rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:hasValue [ a dpo:PotentialDKDBenefit ] ; owl:onProperty sio:hasAttribute ] ; rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:hasValue [ a dpo:PotentialASCVDBenefit ] ; owl:onProperty sio:hasAttribute ] ; owl:equivalentClass ncit:C169923 ; skos:definition "A glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist that is 90% homologous to native human GLP-1 (7-37) and is composed of a dipeptidyl peptidase-IV-protected GLP-1 analog covalently linked to a human immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)-Fc heavy chain, with antihyperglycemic activity. Upon administration, dulaglutide binds to and activates GLP-1 receptors, thereby increasing intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) in pancreatic beta cells. This increases glucose-dependent insulin release. Dulaglutide also reduces the elevated glucagon secretion by inhibiting alpha cells of the pancreas and slows gastric emptying. Altogether this lowers the postprandial glucose level. GLP-1 is normally secreted by L cells of the gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa in response to a meal to normalize blood glucose levels. [Definition Source: NCI]"^^xsd:string . ncit:C25457 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Condition"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf ncit:C27993 . dpo:WeightChangePotential rdfs:comment "The capacity for an increase or decrease in the weight of an individual."^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Weight Change Potential"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:PharmacotherapyFactor ; owl:equivalentClass ncit:C9232 ; skos:definition ""^^xsd:string . symp:0019177 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "fatigue"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf symp:0000410 . dpo:BodyMassIndexFinding a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Body Mass Index Finding"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:TestFinding ; owl:equivalentClass ncit:C138901 ; skos:definition "The result of a body mass index measurement. [Definition Source: NCI]"^^xsd:string . dpo:TriglycerideMeasurement a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Triglyceride Measurement"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:TestFinding ; owl:equivalentClass ncit:C64812 ; skos:definition "A quantitative measurement of the amount of triglyceride present in a sample. [Definition Source: NCI]"^^xsd:string . chebi:71272 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "saxagliptin"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:ExternalClass . symp:0000734 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "stroke"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf symp:0000480 . chebi:73274 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "canagliflozin"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:ExternalClass . loinc:59261-8 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Hemoglobin A1c/Hemoglobin.total in Blood by IFCC protocol"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:ExternalClass . symp:0000891 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "musculoskeletal system symptom"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf symp:0000462 . ncit:C98241 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Thiazolidinedione Antidiabetic Agent"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf ncit:C29711 . ncit:C35719 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Genitourinary System Infection"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf ncit:C2991 . dpo:Sulfonylurea rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Sulfonylurea"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:AntihyperglycemicTreatment ; rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:hasValue [ a dpo:NeutralASCVDRisk ] ; owl:onProperty sio:hasAttribute ] ; rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:hasValue [ a dpo:NeutralHeartFailureRisk ] ; owl:onProperty sio:hasAttribute ] ; rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:hasValue [ a dpo:NeutralDKDRisk ] ; owl:onProperty sio:hasAttribute ] ; rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:hasValue [ a dpo:WeightGainPotential ] ; owl:onProperty sio:hasAttribute ] ; rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:hasValue [ a dpo:LowCost ] ; owl:onProperty sio:hasAttribute ] ; rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:hasValue [ a dpo:KnownHypoglycemiaRisk ] ; owl:onProperty sio:hasAttribute ] ; rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:hasValue [ a dpo:HighEfficacy ] ; owl:onProperty sio:hasAttribute ] ; owl:equivalentClass chebi:76983 , ncit:C97936 ; skos:definition "Sulfonamide urea derivatives with antihyperglycemic activity. Sulphonylurea antidiabetic agents bind to sulfonylurea receptor type 1 (SUR1), the subunit of ATP-sensitive inwardly-rectifier potassium (IKATP) channels on the membranes of pancreatic beta cells, thereby blocking the inward current flow (influx) of positively charged K+ ions into the cell. This results in tonic membrane depolarization, and induces a calcium ion influx through voltage-sensitive calcium channels; increased intracellular calcium ion levels trigger exocytosis of insulin-containing granules. This eventually induces secretion of insulin. The IKATP channels found in pancreatic islets are complexes of four IKATP 6.2 and four SUR1 subunits. In addition, some sulfonylureas of larger molecular size may increase the sensitivity of peripheral tissues to insulin mediated through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma). [Definition Source: NCI]"^^xsd:string . dpo:GLP1RA rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "GLP-1 RA" ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:AntihyperglycemicTreatment ; rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:hasValue [ a dpo:NoKnownHypoglycemiaRisk ] ; owl:onProperty sio:hasAttribute ] ; rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:hasValue [ a dpo:WeightLossPotential ] ; owl:onProperty sio:hasAttribute ] ; rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:hasValue [ a dpo:HighEfficacy ] ; owl:onProperty sio:hasAttribute ] ; rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:hasValue [ a dpo:HighCost ] ; owl:onProperty sio:hasAttribute ] ; rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:hasValue [ a dpo:NeutralHeartFailureRisk ] ; owl:onProperty sio:hasAttribute ] ; owl:equivalentClass ncit:C98085 , chebi:71196 ; skos:definition "Any of the analogues of the endogenous gastrointestinal hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) with antihyperglycemic activity. GLP-1 mimetics mimic the activity of GLP-1 and thereby stimulate glucose-dependent secretion of insulin from pancreatic beta cells, suppress glucagon secretion from alpha cells, increase insulin sensitivity and inhibit gastric emptying thereby slowing absorption of nutrients and creating a satiating effect. Altogether, this lowers blood glucose levels. GLP-1 is rapidly inactivated by the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4). [Definition Source: NCI]"^^xsd:string , "An agonist that binds to and activates glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptors. [Definition Source: CHEBI]"^^xsd:string . dpo:Rosiglitazone rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Rosiglitazone"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:Thiazolidinedione ; owl:equivalentClass ncit:C62076 , chebi:50122 ; skos:definition "An agent belonging to the glitazone class of antidiabetic agents with antihyperglycemic and anti-inflammatory activities. In addition to its selective affinity for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma and its ability to lower blood glucose levels, rosiglitazone also exerts anti-inflammatory activity through its ability to inhibit nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-KB) activity and increase I-kappaB levels. In addition, rosiglitazone may cause fluid retention and may worsen congestive heart failure. This agent is also associated with an increased risk of heart attacks. [Definition Source: NCI]"^^xsd:string . symp:0000565 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "polyuria"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf symp:0000486 . dpo:hasTreatmentAversion a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "has therapy aversion"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:range dpo:Therapy . dpo:VeryHighLDLLevel a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Very High LDL Level"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:CholesterolMeasurement ; owl:intersectionOf ( loinc:2089-1 [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:allValuesFrom dpo:VeryHighLDLRange ; owl:onProperty sio:hasValue ] ) ; skos:definition ""^^xsd:string . ncit:C82239 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Liraglutide"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf ncit:C98085 . ncit:C19160 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Occupation or Discipline"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf ncit:C20181 . ncit:C49236 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Therapeutic Procedure"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf ncit:C25218 . dpo:FrequentUrination a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Frequent Urination"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:UrinarySystemSymptom ; owl:equivalentClass hp:0100515 , symp:0000563 ; skos:definition "Increased frequency of urination. [Definition Source: HP:0100515]"^^xsd:string . dpo:VeryHighTriglycerideRange a owl:DataRange ; rdfs:label "Very High Triglyceride Range" ; owl:minInclusive "500"^^xsd:decimal ; owl:onDataRange xsd:decimal . ncit:C9232 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Weight Change"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf ncit:C53458 . dpo:Overweight a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "25 30. [Definition Source: EFO:0007041]" , "Having a high amount of body fat (body mass index [BMI] of 30 or more). [Definition Source: NCI]"^^xsd:string . ncit:C81246 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Drug Use History"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf ncit:C18772 . dpo:Canagliflozin rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Canagliflozin"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:SGLT2Inhibitor ; rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:hasValue [ a dpo:PotentialDKDBenefit ] ; owl:onProperty sio:hasAttribute ] ; rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:hasValue [ a dpo:PotentialHeartFailureBenefit ] ; owl:onProperty sio:hasAttribute ] ; rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:hasValue [ a dpo:PotentialASCVDBenefit ] ; owl:onProperty sio:hasAttribute ] ; owl:equivalentClass ncit:C91018 , chebi:73274 ; skos:definition "A C-glucoside with a thiophene ring that is an orally available inhibitor of sodium-glucose transporter 2 (SGLT2) with antihyperglycemic activity. Canagliflozin is also able to reduce body weight and has a low risk for hypoglycemia. [Definition Source: NCI]"^^xsd:string . dpo:BilateralLowerExtremityBurningSensation a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "Occasional Burning Sensation in Bilateral Lower Extremities"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Bilateral Lower Extremity Burning Sensation"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:NervousSystemSymptom ; skos:definition ""^^xsd:string . symp:0000560 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "polydipsia"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf symp:0000473 . chebi:40237 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "sitagliptin"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:ExternalClass . efo:0005935 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "overweight body mass index status"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf efo:0004340 . dpo:FamilyHistory a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Family History"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:History ; owl:equivalentClass ncit:C17726 ; skos:definition "A record of a patient's background regarding health and disease events of blood relatives. A patient's family medical history may be important in diagnosing existing conditions. [Definition Source: NCI]"^^xsd:string . dpo:HypoglycemiaRisk rdfs:comment "The possiblility of lowering blood sugar below the normal range."^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Hypoglycemia Risk" ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:PharmacotherapyFactor ; skos:definition "The most important risk factor for the occurrence of hypoglycemia is the aggressiveness of therapy applied to achieve glycemic control. [Definition Source: url:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3784865/ ]"^^xsd:string . dpo:InsufficientExercise a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Insufficient Exercise" ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:SedentaryLifestyle . dpo:Saxagliptin rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Saxagliptin"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:DPP4Inhibitor ; rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:hasValue [ a dpo:IncreasedHeartFailureRisk ] ; owl:onProperty sio:hasAttribute ] ; owl:equivalentClass ncit:C75983 , chebi:71272 ; skos:definition "A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2S)-amino(3-hydroxyadamantan-1-yl)acetic acid with the amino group of (1S,3S,5S)-2-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-3-carbonitrile. Used in its monohydrate form for the treatment of Type II diabetes. [Definition Source: CHEBI]"^^xsd:string , "A potent, selective and competitive, cyanopyrrolidine-based, orally bioavailable inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4), with hypoglycemic activity. Saxagliptin is metabolized into an, although less potent, active mono-hydroxy metabolite. [Definition Source: NCI]"^^xsd:string . chebi:5383 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "glimepiride"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:ExternalClass . ncit:C2991 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Disease or Disorder"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf ncit:C7057 . ncit:C3117 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Hypertension"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf ncit:C173902 , ncit:C54707 . dpo:Metformin rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Metformin"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:Biguanide ; rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:hasValue [ a dpo:PotentialASCVDBenefit ] ; owl:onProperty sio:hasAttribute ] ; rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:hasValue [ a dpo:NeutralHeartFailureRisk ] ; owl:onProperty sio:hasAttribute ] ; rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:hasValue [ a dpo:LowCost ] ; owl:onProperty sio:hasAttribute ] ; rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:hasValue [ a dpo:NeutralDKDRisk ] ; owl:onProperty sio:hasAttribute ] ; rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:hasValue [ a dpo:HighEfficacy ] ; owl:onProperty sio:hasAttribute ] ; rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:hasValue [ a dpo:NoKnownHypoglycemiaRisk ] ; owl:onProperty sio:hasAttribute ] ; rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:hasValue [ a dpo:NeutralWeightChange ] ; owl:onProperty sio:hasAttribute ] ; owl:equivalentClass ncit:C61612 , loinc:55548-2 , chebi:6801 ; skos:definition "An agent belonging to the biguanide class of antidiabetics with antihyperglycemic activity. Metformin is associated with a very low incidence of lactic acidosis. This agent helps reduce LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and is not associated with weight gain, and prevents the cardiovascular complications of diabetes. Metformin is not metabolized and is excreted unchanged by the kidneys. [Definition Source: NCI]"^^xsd:string . dpo:IncreasedDKDRisk rdfs:comment "Potential to increase the risk or progression of diabetic kidney disease."^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Increased Diabetic Kidney Disease Risk" ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:DiabeticKidneyDiseaseProgression ; skos:definition ""^^xsd:string . ncit:C34707 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Hyperlipidemia"^^xsd:string , "Abnormal Blood Chemistry and Hematology Test Result"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf ncit:C34707 , ncit:C7057 . chebi:6801 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "metformin"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:ExternalClass . ncit:C25193 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Occupation"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf ncit:C19160 . dpo:Sitagliptin rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Sitagliptin"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:DPP4Inhibitor ; owl:equivalentClass ncit:C73838 , chebi:40237 ; skos:definition "An orally available, competitive, beta-amino acid-derived inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DDP-4) with hypoglycemic activity. Sitagliptin may cause an increased risk in the development of pancreatitis. [Definition Source: NCI]"^^xsd:string . ncit:C2931 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Cardiovascular Disorder"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf ncit:C27551 . ncit:C91018 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Canagliflozin"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf ncit:C98083 . dpo:NutritionMetabolismAndDevelopmentSymptom a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "A symptom involving the nutrition, metabolism, and/or development system."^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Nutrition Metabolism and Development Symptom"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:Symptom ; owl:equivalentClass symp:0000473 ; skos:definition "Symptoms concerning nutrition metabolism and development [include:] A disorder characterized by a loss of appetite; An abnormal loss of the appetite for food. Anorexia can be caused by cancer, aids, a mental disorder (i.e., anorexia nervosa), or other diseases; Clinical manifestation consisting of a physiopathological lack or loss of appetite accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat; Loss of appetite; The lack or loss of appetite accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder anorexia nervosa. [Definition Source: url:http://www.icd9data.com/2013/Volume1/780-799/780-789/783/default.htm ]"^^xsd:string . ncit:C16326 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Behavior"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf ncit:C43431 . symp:0000524 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "polyphagia"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf symp:0000473 . dpo:PotentialHeartFailureBenefit rdfs:comment "Potential to decrease the risk of heart failure."^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Potential Heart Failure Benefit" ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:HeartFailureRisk ; skos:definition ""^^xsd:string . dpo:Glyburide rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Glyburide"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:Sulfonylurea ; owl:equivalentClass ncit:C29076 , chebi:5441 ; skos:definition "An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group. [Definition Source: CHEBI]"^^xsd:string , "A sulfonamide urea derivative with antihyperglycemic activity that can potentially be used to decrease cerebral edema. Upon administration, glyburide binds to and blocks the sulfonylurea receptor type 1 (SUR1) subunit of the ATP-sensitive inwardly-rectifying potassium (K(ATP)) channels on the membranes of pancreatic beta cells. This prevents the inward current flow of positively charged potassium (K+) ions into the cell, and induces a calcium ion (Ca2+) influx through voltage-sensitive calcium channels, which triggers exocytosis of insulin-containing granules. In addition, glyburide also inhibits the SUR1-regulated nonselective cation (NC) Ca-ATP channel, melastatin 4 (transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 4; (TRPM4)), thereby preventing capillary failure and brain swelling. SUR1-TRPM4 channels are formed by co-assembly of SUR1 with TRPM4 in neurons, astrocytes, and capillary endothelium during cerebral ischemia. Upon ischemia-induced ATP depletion, channels open which results in sodium influx, cytotoxic edema formation, capillary fragmentation and necrotic cell death. SUR1-TRPM4 is not expressed in normal, uninjured tissues. [Definition Source: NCI]"^^xsd:string . chebi:188719 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Ertugliflozin"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:ExternalClass . dpo:PrediabetesFastingBloodGlucoseLevel a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment " impaired fasting glucose"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Prediabetes Fasting Blood Glucose Level"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:BloodGlucoseMeasurement ; owl:intersectionOf ( loinc:1558-6 [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:allValuesFrom dpo:PrediabetesFastingBloodGlucoseRange ; owl:onProperty sio:hasValue ] ) ; skos:definition "FPG 100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L) to 125 mg/dL (6.9 mmol/L). [Definition Source: url:https://doi.org/10.2337/dc22-S002 ]"^^xsd:string . dpo:RenalDosingConsideration rdfs:comment "Drug dosage considerations related to the effect on the kidneys."^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Renal Dosing Consideration"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:RenalEffect ; skos:definition ""^^xsd:string . ncit:C61612 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Metformin"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf ncit:C98234 . dpo:PersonalHistoryOfGestationalDiabetes a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Personal History of Gestational Diabetes"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:PersonalHistory ; skos:definition "Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), defined as glucose intolerance that is first recognized during pregnancy, is associated with maternal obesity and confers a 4‐ to 7‐fold greater risk of incident type 2 diabetes (DM), and increased risk of developing the metabolic syndrome (MetS) in midlife. In addition, a history of GDM among nondiabetic women is characterized by elevations in fasting glucose and insulin concentrations, as well as dyslipidemia and greater inflammation in the absence of the MetS. [Definition Source: url:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4187501/ ]"^^xsd:string . dpo:DPP4Inhibitor rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "DPP-4 Inhibitor"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:AntihyperglycemicTreatment ; rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:hasValue [ a dpo:IntermediateEfficacy ] ; owl:onProperty sio:hasAttribute ] ; rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:hasValue [ a dpo:NeutralASCVDRisk ] ; owl:onProperty sio:hasAttribute ] ; rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:hasValue [ a dpo:NoKnownHypoglycemiaRisk ] ; owl:onProperty sio:hasAttribute ] ; rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:hasValue [ a dpo:NeutralWeightChange ] ; owl:onProperty sio:hasAttribute ] ; rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:hasValue [ a dpo:NeutralDKDRisk ] ; owl:onProperty sio:hasAttribute ] ; rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:hasValue [ a dpo:HighCost ] ; owl:onProperty sio:hasAttribute ] ; owl:equivalentClass ncit:C98086 , chebi:68612 ; skos:definition "Any inhibitor of the proline-specific serine protease dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4), with hypoglycemic activity. DPP-4 inhibitors bind to DPP-4 and inhibit the breakdown of the incretin hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). This prolongs incretin activity, increases postprandial insulin release, decreases glucagon release, delays gastric emptying and lowers blood glucose levels. The risk for hypoglycemia is negligible with the use of DPP-4 inhibitors. [Definition Source: NCI]"^^xsd:string , "An EC 3.4.14.* (dipeptidyl- and tripeptidyl-peptidases) inhibitor that specifically inhibits dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (EC 3.4.14.5). [Definition Source: CHEBI]"^^xsd:string . ncit:C29711 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Anti-diabetic Agent"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:ExternalClass . dpo:Polydipsia a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Polydipsia"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:NutritionMetabolismAndDevelopmentSymptom ; owl:equivalentClass symp:0000560 ; skos:definition "Polydipsia is a nutrition, metabolism, and development symptom characterized by an excessive or abnormal thirst. [ url:http://www2.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/mwmednlm?book=Medical&va=polydipsia ][Definition Source: SYMP:0000560]"^^xsd:string . symp:0000410 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "neurological and physiological symptom"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf symp:0000462 . ncit:C97936 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Sulfonylurea Antidiabetic Agent"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf ncit:C29711 . ncit:C2985 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Diabetes Mellitus"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf ncit:C171128 . dpo:AntihyperglycemicTreatment rdfs:comment "Treatment designed to lower blood sugar levels."^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Antihyperglycemic Treatment"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:Therapy ; owl:equivalentClass chebi:35526 ; skos:definition "A drug which lowers the blood glucose level. [Definition Source: CHEBI]"^^xsd:string . dpo:SGLT2Inhibitor rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "SGLT2 Inhibitor"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:AntihyperglycemicTreatment ; rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:hasValue [ a dpo:WeightLossPotential ] ; owl:onProperty sio:hasAttribute ] ; rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:hasValue [ a dpo:HighCost ] ; owl:onProperty sio:hasAttribute ] ; rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:hasValue [ a dpo:NoKnownHypoglycemiaRisk ] ; owl:onProperty sio:hasAttribute ] ; rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:hasValue [ a dpo:IntermediateEfficacy ] ; owl:onProperty sio:hasAttribute ] ; owl:equivalentClass ncit:C98083 , chebi:73273 ; skos:definition "Any inhibitor of the sodium-glucose co-transporter subtype 2 (SGLT2) with antihyperglycemic activity. By binding to and blocking SGLT2, these inhibitors suppress reabsorption of glucose in the proximal tubule within the kidneys and thereby enhancing urinary excretion of glucose. This eventually normalizes blood glucose levels. SGLT2, a transport system exclusively expressed in the proximal renal tubules, mediates about 90% of renal glucose reabsorption from tubular fluid. [Definition Source: NCI]"^^xsd:string . ncit:C50791 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Urinary Tract Infection"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf ncit:C35719 . dpo:PatientCharacteristic a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Patient Characteristic" ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:DiagnosticFactor ; owl:equivalentClass ncit:C25447 ; skos:definition "The distinguishing qualities or prominent aspect of a person. [Definition Source: NCI]"^^xsd:string . dpo:FoulUrine a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Foul Urine"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:UrinarySystemSymptom ; owl:equivalentClass hp:0012088 ; skos:definition "A deviation from the normal odor of the urine. [Definition Source: HP:0012088]"^^xsd:string . dpo:VeryHighTriglycerideLevel a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Very High Triglyceride Level"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:TriglycerideMeasurement ; owl:intersectionOf ( loinc:12228-3 [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:allValuesFrom dpo:VeryHighTriglycerideRange ; owl:onProperty sio:hasValue ] ) ; skos:definition ""^^xsd:string . dpo:BorderlineHighLDLRange a owl:DataRange ; rdfs:label "Borderline High LDL Range" ; owl:maxInclusive "159"^^xsd:decimal ; owl:minInclusive "130"^^xsd:decimal ; owl:onDataRange xsd:decimal . dpo-kb:PotentialDKDBenefitDiabetesTherapy a dpo:PotentialDKDBenefitDiabetesTherapy . ncit:C98085 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "GLP-1 Mimetics"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf ncit:C29711 . dpo:PrediabetesHbA1CRange a owl:DataRange ; rdfs:label "Prediabetes HbA1C Range" ; owl:maxInclusive 138.62 ; owl:minInclusive 117.58 ; owl:onDataRange xsd:decimal . dpo:Semaglutide rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Semaglutide"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:GLP1RA ; rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:hasValue [ a dpo:PotentialDKDBenefit ] ; owl:onProperty sio:hasAttribute ] ; rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:hasValue [ a dpo:PotentialASCVDBenefit ] ; owl:onProperty sio:hasAttribute ] ; owl:equivalentClass ncit:C152328 , chebi:167574 ; skos:definition "A polypeptide that contains a linear sequence of 31 amino acids joined together by peptide linkages. It is an agonist of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptors (GLP-1 AR) and used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. [Definition Source: CHEBI]"^^xsd:string . chebi:72323 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "alogliptin"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:ExternalClass . ncit:C54625 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "History"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf ncit:C20181 . ncit:C20189 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Property or Attribute"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:ExternalClass . ncit:C83887 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Linagliptin"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf ncit:C98086 . dpo:SedentaryOccupation a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Sedentary Occupation"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:Occupation ; skos:definition "A physical demand level described as the exertion of up to 10 pounds of force occasionally, negligible amount of work frequently, and a negligible amount of force constantly to move objects. [Definition Source: url:https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/sedentary+work ]"^^xsd:string . ncit:C26732 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Coronary Artery Disease"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf ncit:C35741 . ncit:C171128 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Non-Neoplastic Endocrine Pancreas Disorder"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf ncit:C27551 . ncit:C73838 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Sitagliptin"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf ncit:C98086 . ncit:C92744 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Blood Glucose Measurement"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf ncit:C105585 . symp:0000012 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "blurred vision"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf symp:0019163 . dpo:PrediabetesTwoHourBloodGlucoseRange a owl:DataRange ; rdfs:label "Prediabetes Two Hour Blood Glucose Range" ; owl:maxInclusive "199"^^xsd:decimal ; owl:minInclusive "140"^^xsd:decimal ; owl:onDataRange xsd:decimal . dpo:FamilyHistoryOfDiabetes a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Family History of Diabetes"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:FamilyHistory ; skos:definition "Having at least one-first-degree relative with diabetes. [Definition Source: url:https://doi.org/10.1111/jdi.12033 ]"^^xsd:string . ncit:C62076 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Rosiglitazone"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf ncit:C98241 . dpo:Efficacy rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Efficacy"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:PharmacotherapyFactor ; owl:equivalentClass ncit:C39547 ; skos:definition "The probability of benefit to individuals in a defined population from a medical technology applied for a given medical problem under ideal conditions of use. Efficacy is a measure of effect of therapy among appropriate patients in whom treatment is tolerated and effectively administered, under the condition of sufficient patients' compliance, usually determined in randomized trials. [Definition Source: NCI]"^^xsd:string . ncit:C69088 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Cost"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf ncit:C20181 . ncit:C65611 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Exenatide"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf ncit:C98085 . ncit:C17726 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Family Medical History"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf ncit:C18772 . dpo:Behavior a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Behavior"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:PatientCharacteristic ; owl:equivalentClass ncit:C16326 ; skos:definition "The actions or reactions of an object or organism, usually in relation to the environment or surrounding world of stimuli. [Definition Source: NCI]"^^xsd:string . efo:0005936 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "underweight body mass index status"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf efo:0004340 . ncit:C25447 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Characteristic"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf ncit:C20189 . dpo:HighLDLRange a owl:DataRange ; rdfs:label "High LDL Range" ; owl:maxInclusive "189"^^xsd:decimal ; owl:minInclusive "160"^^xsd:decimal ; owl:onDataRange xsd:decimal . symp:0000320 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "vision symptom"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf symp:0019163 . dpo:hasTreatmentPreference a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "has therapy preference"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:range dpo:Therapy . ncit:C78126 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Dapagliflozin"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf ncit:C98083 . ncit:C81229 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Alcohol Use History"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf ncit:C18772 . dpo:NearOptimalLDLLevel a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Near Optimal LDL Level"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:CholesterolMeasurement ; owl:intersectionOf ( loinc:2089-1 [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:allValuesFrom dpo:NearOptimalLDLRange ; owl:onProperty sio:hasValue ] ) ; skos:definition ""^^xsd:string . dpo:ChestPain a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Chest Pain"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:Pain ; owl:equivalentClass ncit:C38665 , hp:0100749 , symp:0000576 ; skos:definition "An unpleasant sensation characterized by physical discomfort (such as pricking, throbbing, or aching) localized to the chest. [Definition Source: HP:0100749]"^^xsd:string . dpo:diabetes_pharmacology_ontology.ttl a owl:Ontology ; dct:contributor "Oshani Seneviratne"^^xsd:string , "Deborah L. McGuinness"^^xsd:string , "Daniel Gruen"^^xsd:string , "Jamie McCusker"^^xsd:string ; dct:created "2022-06-08T18:00:00"^^xsd:dateTime ; dct:creator "Sabbir M. Rashid"^^xsd:string ; dct:description "The Diabetes Pharmacology Ontology contains the classes needed to describe antihyperglycemic therapies."^^xsd:string ; dct:license ; dct:modified "2022-12-18T18:00:00"^^xsd:dateTime ; dct:title "Diabetes Pharmacology Ontology"^^xsd:string ; owl:versionIRI dpo:1.0 . chebi:5384 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "glipizide"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:ExternalClass . ncit:C3390 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Stroke"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf ncit:C2938 . hp:0033072 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Abnormal macroscopic urine appearance"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:ExternalClass . dpo:UrinarySystemSymptom a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "A symptom involving the urinary system."^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Urinary System Symptom"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:Symptom ; owl:equivalentClass symp:0000486 ; skos:definition "Symptoms of urinary disorders vary from person to person and based on the cause of the disorders. Common urinary symptoms include: Abdominal cramping; Abdominal, pelvic or back pain that can be severe; Bloody or pink-colored urine (hematuria); Cloudy urine; Fever and chills; Foul-smelling urine; Frequent urination; General ill feeling; Leaking of urine; Pain during sexual intercourse; Pain or burning with urination (dysuria); Unexplained weight loss; Urgent need to urinate. [Definition Source: url:https://www.healthgrades.com/right-care/kidneys-and-the-urinary-system/urinary-disorders ]"^^xsd:string . dpo:Lixisenatide rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Lixisenatide"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:GLP1RA ; rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:hasValue [ a dpo:NeutralASCVDRisk ] ; owl:onProperty sio:hasAttribute ] ; owl:equivalentClass ncit:C166988 , chebi:85662 ; skos:definition "A forty-four membered polypeptide consisting of L-His, Gly, L-Glu, Gly, L-Thr, L-Phe, L-Thr, L-Ser, L-Asp, L-Leu, L-Ser, L-Lys, L-Gln, L-Met, L-Glu, L-Glu, L-Glu, L-Ala, L-Val, L-Arg, L-Leu, L-Phe, L-Ile, L-Glu, L-Trp, L-Leu, L-Lys, L-Asn, Gly, Gly, LPro, L-Ser, L-Ser, Gly, L-Ala, L-Pro, L-Pro, L-Ser, L-Lys, L-Lys, L-Lys, L-Lys, L-Lys, and L-Lys-NH2 residues joined in sequence. Used as an adjunct to diet and exercise for the treatment of adults with type II diabetes. [Definition Source: CHEBI]"^^xsd:string . dpo:Polyuria a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Polyuria"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:UrinarySystemSymptom ; owl:equivalentClass symp:0000565 ; skos:definition "A urinary system symptom that is characterized by the excessive secretion of urine. [ url:http://www2.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/mwmednlm?book=Medical&va=polyuria ][Definition Source: SYMP:0000565]"^^xsd:string . ncit:C25218 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Intervention or Procedure"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:ExternalClass . dpo:Liraglutide rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Liraglutide"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:GLP1RA ; rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:hasValue [ a dpo:PotentialDKDBenefit ] ; owl:onProperty sio:hasAttribute ] ; rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:hasValue [ a dpo:PotentialASCVDBenefit ] ; owl:onProperty sio:hasAttribute ] ; owl:equivalentClass ncit:C82239 , chebi:71193 ; skos:definition "A long-acting, fatty acylated glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analog administered subcutaneously, with antihyperglycemic activity. Liraglutide's prolonged action and half-life of 11-15 hours are attributed to the attachment of the fatty acid palmitic acid to GLP-1 that reversibly binds to albumin. Albumin binding protects liraglutide from immediate degradation and elimination and causes GLP-1 to be released from abumin in a slow and consistent manner. This agent may cause thyroid C-cell tumors and increases the risk of acute pancreatitis. [Definition Source: NCI]"^^xsd:string . ncit:C86589 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Sedentary Lifestyle"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf ncit:C16795 . ncit:C43431 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Activity"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:ExternalClass . dpo:BlurredVision a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Blurred Vision"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:VisionSymptom ; owl:equivalentClass symp:0000012 ; skos:definition "A vision symptom that is characterized by a decreased clarity or sharpness in vision, which can be caused by eye conditions myopia or hyperopia. [Definition Source: SYMP:0000012]"^^xsd:string . dpo-kb:IncreasedASCVDRiskDiabetesTherapy a dpo-kb:IncreasedASCVDRiskDiabetesTherapy . dpo:IntermediateEfficacy rdfs:comment "An intermediate capacity to bring about a desired effect."^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Intermediate Efficacy"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:Efficacy ; skos:definition ""^^xsd:string . dpo:Therapy a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Therapy"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:TherapyPlanningComponent ; owl:equivalentClass ncit:C49236 ; skos:definition "An action or administration of therapeutic agents to produce an effect that is intended to alter or stop a pathologic process. [Definition Source: NCI]"^^xsd:string . dpo:TestFinding a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "A finding or categorization surmised from recorded measurements."^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Test Finding"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:DiagnosticFactor ; owl:equivalentClass ncit:C25209 ; skos:definition "Annotation used to indicate the size or magnitude of something that was determined by comparison to a standard. [Definition Source: NCI]"^^xsd:string . dpo:Glimepiride rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Glimepiride"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:Sulfonylurea ; owl:equivalentClass ncit:C29073 , chebi:5383 ; skos:definition "A long-acting, third-generation sulfonylurea with hypoglycemic activity. Compared to other generations of sulfonylurea compounds, glimepiride is very potent and has a longer duration of action. This agent is metabolized by CYP2C9 and shows peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) agonistic activity. [Definition Source: NCI]"^^xsd:string . dpo:Exenatide rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Exenatide"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:GLP1RA ; rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:hasValue [ a dpo:NeutralASCVDRisk ] ; owl:onProperty sio:hasAttribute ] ; owl:equivalentClass ncit:C65611 , chebi:64073 ; skos:definition "A bioactive polypeptide of 39 amino acid residues isolated from the saliva of the Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum). High-affinity glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist (Kd = 136 pM); potently induces cAMP formation without stimulating amylase release in pancreatic acini; potentiates glucose-induced insulin secretion in isolated rat islets; protects against glutamate-induced neurotoxicity. A synthetic version is called exenatide. [Definition Source: CHEBI]"^^xsd:string , "A 39 amino acid peptide and synthetic version of exendin-4, a hormone found in the saliva of the venomous lizard Gila monster, with insulin secretagogue and antihyperglycemic activity. Exenatide is administered subcutaneously and mimics human glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). Compared to GLP-1, exenatide has a longer half-life of 2.4 hours. [Definition Source: NCI]"^^xsd:string . ncit:C27993 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "General Qualifier"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf ncit:C20189 . dpo:Hyperlipidemia a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Hyperlipidemia"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:Condition ; owl:equivalentClass ncit:C34707 ; skos:definition "Elevated levels of lipids in the blood. [Definition Source: NCI]"^^xsd:string . dpo:NeutralWeightChange rdfs:comment "The lack of an effect on the capacity for an increase or decrease in the weight of an individual."^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Neutral Weight Change"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:WeightChangePotential ; skos:definition ""^^xsd:string . dpo:MusculoskeletalSystemSymptom a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "A symptom involving the musculoskeletal system."^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Musculoskeletal System Symptom"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:Symptom ; owl:equivalentClass symp:0000891 ; skos:definition "Musculoskeletal symptoms are defined as pain in the muscles, tendons, and nerves arising from repetitive, continuous, and unnatural movements. These symptoms can be expressed in various areas of the body and affect the quality of life by causing difficulties in performing occupational tasks and activities of daily living (ADL). [Definition Source: url:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3567324/ ]"^^xsd:string . dpo:UnderweightBMIRange a owl:DataRange ; rdfs:label "Underweight BMI Range" ; owl:maxInclusive 18.5 ; owl:onDataRange xsd:decimal . dpo:BorderlineHighLDLLevel a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Borderline High LDL Level"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:CholesterolMeasurement ; owl:intersectionOf ( loinc:2089-1 [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:allValuesFrom dpo:BorderlineHighLDLRange ; owl:onProperty sio:hasValue ] ) ; skos:definition ""^^xsd:string . dpo:PrediabetesHbA1CLevel a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Prediabetes HbA1C Level"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:BloodGlucoseMeasurement ; owl:intersectionOf ( loinc:59261-8 [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:allValuesFrom dpo:PrediabetesHbA1CRange ; owl:onProperty sio:hasValue ] ) ; skos:definition "A1C 5.7–6.4% (39–47 mmol/mol). [Definition Source: url:https://doi.org/10.2337/dc22-S002 ]"^^xsd:string . ncit:C98086 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf ncit:C29711 . loinc:12228-3 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Triglyceride [Mass/volume] in Body fluid"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:ExternalClass . dpo:PotentialDKDBenefit rdfs:comment "Potential to decrease the risk or progression of diabetic kidney disease."^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Potential Diabetic Kidney Disease Benefit" ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:DiabeticKidneyDiseaseProgression ; skos:definition ""^^xsd:string . dpo:Thiazolidinedione rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Thiazolidinedione"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:AntihyperglycemicTreatment ; rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:hasValue [ a dpo:LowCost ] ; owl:onProperty sio:hasAttribute ] ; rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:hasValue [ a dpo:IncreasedHeartFailureRisk ] ; owl:onProperty sio:hasAttribute ] ; rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:hasValue [ a dpo:NoKnownHypoglycemiaRisk ] ; owl:onProperty sio:hasAttribute ] ; rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:hasValue [ a dpo:WeightGainPotential ] ; owl:onProperty sio:hasAttribute ] ; rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:hasValue [ a dpo:NeutralDKDRisk ] ; owl:onProperty sio:hasAttribute ] ; rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:hasValue [ a dpo:HighEfficacy ] ; owl:onProperty sio:hasAttribute ] ; owl:equivalentClass chebi:50990 , ncit:C98241 ; skos:definition "Any antidiabetic agent with the glitazone (thiazolidinedione) base structure with antihyperglycemic activity. Glitazone antidiabetic agents selectively bind to and stimulate the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma. This results in the selective transcription of a number of insulin-sensitive genes involved in glucose metabolism. This eventually enhances insulin sensitivity, reduces insulin resistance and decreases hepatic gluconeogenesis. PPARs function as transcription factors that regulate expressions of genes involved in cellular differentiation, development, and metabolism (carbohydrate, lipid, protein), as well as tumorigenesis; PPARgamma is expressed at high levels in adipose tissue. [Definition Source: NCI]"^^xsd:string . chebi:68612 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:ExternalClass . dpo:PharmacotherapyFactor a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "A circumstance influencing the treatment of a disease through the use or recommendation of one or more drugs."^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Pharmacotherapy Factor" ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:TherapyPlanningComponent ; owl:equivalentClass ncit:C18228 ; skos:definition "Therapy-related factors identified include: route of administration, treatment complexity, duration of treatment period, medication side effects, degree of behavioral change required, taste of medication and requirement for drug storage. [Definition Source: url:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2503662/ ]"^^xsd:string . loinc:1518-0 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Glucose [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma --2 hours post 75 g glucose PO"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:ExternalClass . ncit:C2938 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Cerebrovascular Disorder"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf ncit:C27551 . loinc:2089-1 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Cholesterol in LDL [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:ExternalClass . dpo:KnownHypoglycemiaRisk rdfs:comment "A known association with the lowering of blood sugar below the normal range."^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Known Hypoglycemia Risk" ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:HypoglycemiaRisk ; skos:definition ""^^xsd:string . dpo:Polyphagia a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Polyphagia"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:NutritionMetabolismAndDevelopmentSymptom ; owl:equivalentClass symp:0000524 ; skos:definition "Polyphagia is a nutrition, metabolism, and development symptom characterized by an excessive appetite or eating. [ url:http://www2.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/mwmednlm?book=Medical&va=polyphagia ][Definition Source: SYMP:0000524]"^^xsd:string . dpo:DiagnosticFactor a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "A circumstance influencing the dianosis of a disease."^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Diagnostic Factor" ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:TherapyPlanningComponent ; owl:equivalentClass ncit:C19591 ; skos:definition "A biological, physiological, behavioral, or molecular indicator of the presence or predisposition towards development of a specific disease. [Definition Source: NCI]"^^xsd:string . dpo:WeightLossPotential rdfs:comment "The capacity for a decrease in the weight of an individual."^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Weight Loss Potential"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:WeightChangePotential ; skos:definition ""^^xsd:string . dpo:PrediabetesTwoHourBloodGlucoseLevel a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "impaired glucose tolerance"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Prediabetes Two Hour Blood Glucose Level"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:BloodGlucoseMeasurement ; owl:intersectionOf ( loinc:1518-0 [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:allValuesFrom dpo:PrediabetesTwoHourBloodGlucoseRange ; owl:onProperty sio:hasValue ] ) ; skos:definition "2-h PG during 75-g OGTT 140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L) to 199 mg/dL (11.0 mmol/L). [Definition Source: url:https://doi.org/10.2337/dc22-S002 ]"^^xsd:string . dpo:CoronaryArteryDisease a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Coronary Artery Disease"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:Disease ; owl:equivalentClass ncit:C26732 ; skos:definition "Narrowing of the coronary arteries due to fatty deposits inside the arterial walls. The diagnostic criteria may include documented history of any of the following: documented coronary artery stenosis greater than or equal to 50% (by cardiac catheterization or other modality of direct imaging of the coronary arteries); previous coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG); previous percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI); previous myocardial infarction. (ACC) [Definition Source: NCI]"^^xsd:string . dpo:NeutralASCVDRisk rdfs:comment "Minimal effect on reducing or increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease resulting from atherosclerosis."^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Neutral ASCVD Risk" ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:AtheroscleroticCardiovascularDiseaseRisk ; skos:definition ""^^xsd:string . chebi:35526 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "hypoglycemic agent"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:ExternalClass . ncit:C38665 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Chest Pain"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf ncit:C3303 . dpo:NeutralDKDRisk rdfs:comment "Minimal effect on reducing or increasing the risk or progression of diabetic kidney disease."^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Neutral Diabetic Kidney Disease Risk" ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:DiabeticKidneyDiseaseProgression ; skos:definition ""^^xsd:string . chebi:71196 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:ExternalClass . dpo:HighLDLLevel a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "High LDL Level"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:CholesterolMeasurement ; owl:intersectionOf ( loinc:2089-1 [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:allValuesFrom dpo:HighLDLRange ; owl:onProperty sio:hasValue ] ) ; skos:definition ""^^xsd:string . dpo:DiabetesFastingBloodGlucoseRange a owl:DataRange ; rdfs:label "Diabetes Fasting Blood Glucose Range" ; owl:minInclusive "126"^^xsd:decimal ; owl:onDataRange xsd:decimal . dpo-kb:LowEfficacyDiabetesTherapy a dpo:LowEfficacyDiabetesTherapy . ncit:C74949 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Lipid Measurement"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf ncit:C25218 . ncit:C7057 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Disease, Disorder or Finding"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:ExternalClass . ncit:C3149 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Kidney Disorder"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf ncit:C3430 . efo:0007041 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "obese body mass index status"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf efo:0004340 . ncit:C19591 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Diagnostic Factor"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:ExternalClass . dpo:Condition a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Condition"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:PatientCharacteristic ; owl:equivalentClass ncit:C25457 ; skos:definition "A state of being, such as a state of health. [Definition Source: NCI]"^^xsd:string . dpo:RenalEffect rdfs:comment "A pharmacotherapy factor related to the kidneys."^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Renal Effect"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:PharmacotherapyFactor ; skos:definition ""^^xsd:string . ncit:C152328 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Semaglutide"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf ncit:C98085 . dpo:Symptom a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Symptom"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:PatientCharacteristic ; owl:equivalentClass symp:0000462 ; skos:definition "A symptom is a perceived change in function, sensation, loss, disturbance or appearance reported by a patient indicative of a disease. [ url:https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4615-4789-1_5 url:https://www.nature.com/subjects/signs-and-symptoms url:https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/symptom ][Definition Source: SYMP:0000462]"^^xsd:string . ncit:C80398 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Family History of Coronary Artery Disease"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf ncit:C17726 . dpo:DiabeticKidneyDiseaseProgression rdfs:comment "The progression of diabetic kidney disease."^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Diabetic Kidney Disease Progression"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:RenalEffect ; skos:definition "Defined by the presence of diabetes and reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) to <60/ mL/min/1.73 m2, increased albuminuria (>300 mg/24 hours) or both, diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a progressive disease that affects one in seven individuals worldwide eventuating renal replacement therapy (RRT) and premature death secondary to cardiovascular causes. [Definition Source: url:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK571719/ ]"^^xsd:string . ncit:C29073 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Glimepiride"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf ncit:C97936 . ncit:C35741 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Non-Neoplastic Heart Disorder"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf ncit:C27551 . dpo:hasTherapy a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "has therapy"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:range dpo:Therapy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf sio:hasAttribute . dpo:NormalTriglycerideRange a owl:DataRange ; rdfs:label "Normal Triglyceride Range" ; owl:maxInclusive "149"^^xsd:decimal ; owl:onDataRange xsd:decimal . dpo:TherapyPlanningComponent a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Therapy Planning Component" . dpo:OverweightBMIRange a owl:DataRange ; rdfs:label "Overweight BMI Range" ; owl:maxInclusive "30"^^xsd:decimal ; owl:minInclusive "25"^^xsd:decimal ; owl:onDataRange xsd:decimal . ncit:C166925 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Ertugliflozin"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf ncit:C98083 . ncit:C48226 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Lack of Efficacy"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf ncit:C39547 . ncit:C71633 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Pioglitazone"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf ncit:C98241 . hp:0012088 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Abnormal urinary odor"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf hp:0033072 . dpo:Cost rdfs:comment "The expense associated with a therapy."^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Cost" ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:PharmacotherapyFactor ; owl:equivalentClass ncit:C69088 ; skos:definition "The amount paid, charged, or engaged to be paid, for purchasing goods, services and financial instruments. [Definition Source: NCI]"^^xsd:string . dpo:Empagliflozin rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Empagliflozin"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:SGLT2Inhibitor ; rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:hasValue [ a dpo:PotentialDKDBenefit ] ; owl:onProperty sio:hasAttribute ] ; rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:hasValue [ a dpo:PotentialHeartFailureBenefit ] ; owl:onProperty sio:hasAttribute ] ; rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:hasValue [ a dpo:PotentialASCVDBenefit ] ; owl:onProperty sio:hasAttribute ] ; owl:equivalentClass ncit:C158136 , chebi:82720 ; skos:definition "An orally available competitive inhibitor of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2; SLC5A2) with antihyperglycemic activity. Upon oral administration, empagliflozin selectively and potently inhibits SGLT2 in the kidneys, thereby suppressing the reabsorption of glucose in the proximal tubule. Inhibition of SGLT2 increases urinary glucose excretion by the kidneys, resulting in a reduction of plasma glucose levels in an insulin-independent manner. Inhibition of SGLT2 in the kidneys also suppresses the renal reabsorption of 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5AG). This lowers serum 1,5AG and neutrophil 1,5-anhydroglucitol-6-phosphate (1,5AG6P) levels, which may improve neutropenia and neutrophil dysfunction in patients with glycogen storage disease type Ib (GSD Ib). SGLT2, a transport protein exclusively expressed in the proximal renal tubules, mediates approximately 90% of renal glucose reabsorption from tubular fluid. [Definition Source: NCI]"^^xsd:string . dpo:BloodGlucoseMeasurement a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Blood Glucose Measurement"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:TestFinding ; owl:equivalentClass ncit:C92744 ; skos:definition "A quantitative measurement for assessing the amount of glucose present in a blood sample. [Definition Source: NCI]"^^xsd:string . dpo:DiabetesMellitus a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Diabetes Mellitus"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:Disease ; owl:equivalentClass ncit:C2985 ; skos:definition "A metabolic disorder characterized by abnormally high blood sugar levels due to diminished production of insulin or insulin resistance/desensitization. [Definition Source: NCI]"^^xsd:string . dpo:CholesterolMeasurement a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Cholesterol Measurement"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:TestFinding ; owl:equivalentClass ncit:C105586 ; skos:definition "The determination of the amount of total cholesterol present in a sample. [Definition Source: NCI]"^^xsd:string . dpo:Biguanide rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Biguanide"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:AntihyperglycemicTreatment ; owl:equivalentClass ncit:C98234 , chebi:3095 ; skos:definition "Any antidiabetic agent with the biguanide base structure or phenformin derivatives with antihyperglycemic activity. Biguanide antidiabetic agents activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) resulting in decreased glucose production in the liver, increased peripheral glucose uptake and improved utilization of glucose. Biguanide-based antidiabetic agents do not cause hypoglycemia. In addition, biguanide antidiabetics decrease absorption of glucose from the gastrointestinal tract. [Definition Source: NCI]"^^xsd:string . symp:0019163 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "eye symptom"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf symp:0000462 . chebi:167574 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "semaglutide"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:ExternalClass . dpo:History a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "History"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:PatientCharacteristic ; owl:equivalentClass ncit:C54625 ; skos:definition "The aggregate of past events; the continuum of events occurring in succession leading from the past to the present; a record or narrative description of past events. [Definition Source: NCI]"^^xsd:string . dpo:Dysuria a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Dysuria"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:UrinarySystemSymptom ; owl:equivalentClass symp:0000485 ; skos:definition "A urinary system symptom that is characterized by the difficult, or painful, discharge of urine. [ url:http://www2.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/mwmednlm?book=Medical&va=dysuria ][Definition Source: SYMP:0000485]"^^xsd:string . ncit:C53458 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Sign"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf ncit:C7057 . dpo:HighSugarDiet a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "High Sugar Diet" ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:SedentaryLifestyle . ncit:C88183 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Efficacy"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf ncit:C20189 . dpo:Hypertension a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Hypertension"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:Condition ; owl:equivalentClass ncit:C3117 ; skos:definition "Blood pressure that is abnormally high. [Definition Source: NCI]"^^xsd:string . efo:0004340 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "body mass index"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:ExternalClass . dpo-kb:WeightGainDiabetesTherapy a dpo:WeightGainDiabetesTherapy . ncit:C18228 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Treatment Factor"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:ExternalClass . dpo:OptimalLDLRange a owl:DataRange ; rdfs:label "Optimal LDL Range" ; owl:maxInclusive "100"^^xsd:decimal ; owl:onDataRange xsd:decimal . dpo:ObeseBMIRange a owl:DataRange ; rdfs:label "Obese BMI Range" ; owl:minInclusive "30"^^xsd:decimal ; owl:onDataRange xsd:decimal . dpo:CardiovascularDisease a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Cardiovascular Disease"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:Disease ; owl:equivalentClass ncit:C2931 ; skos:definition "A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder affecting the heart or the vessels (arteries, veins and lymph vessels). Representative examples of non-neoplastic cardiovascular disorders are endocarditis and hypertension. Representative examples of neoplastic cardiovascular disorders are endocardial myxoma and angiosarcoma. [Definition Source: NCI]"^^xsd:string . dpo:NormalWeightBMIRange a owl:DataRange ; rdfs:label "Normal Weight BMI Range" ; owl:maxInclusive 24.9 ; owl:minInclusive 18.5 ; owl:onDataRange xsd:decimal . dpo:HighEfficacy rdfs:comment "A high capacity to bring about a desired effect."^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "High Efficacy"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:Efficacy ; skos:definition ""^^xsd:string . dpo:VeryHighHbA1CRange a owl:DataRange ; rdfs:label "Very High HbA1C Range" ; owl:minInclusive "215"^^xsd:decimal ; owl:onDataRange xsd:decimal . dpo:HeartFailureRisk rdfs:comment "Risk of heart failure."^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Heart Failure Risk" ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:CardiovascularEffect ; skos:definition ""^^xsd:string . dpo:HighCost rdfs:comment "Relatively expensive."^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "High Cost"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:Cost ; skos:definition ""^^xsd:string . ncit:C3283 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Obesity"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf ncit:C53458 , ncit:C173902 . dpo:AtheroscleroticCardiovascularDiseaseRisk rdfs:comment "Risk of cardiovascular disease resulting from atherosclerosis."^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk" ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:CardiovascularEffect ; skos:definition ""^^xsd:string . dpo:Alogliptin rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Alogliptin"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:DPP4Inhibitor ; owl:equivalentClass ncit:C76906 , chebi:72323 ; skos:definition "A piperidine that is 3-methyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidine carrying additional 2-cyanobenzyl and 3-aminopiperidin-1-yl groups at positions 1 and 2 respectively (the R-enantiomer). Used in the form of its benzoate salt for treatment of type 2 diabetes. [Definition Source: CHEBI]"^^xsd:string , "A selective, orally bioavailable, pyrimidinedione-based inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4), with hypoglycemic activity. In addition to its effect on glucose levels, alogliptin may inhibit inflammatory responses by preventing the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4)-mediated formation of proinflammatory cytokines. [Definition Source: NCI]"^^xsd:string . dpo:Occupation a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Occupation"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:PatientCharacteristic ; owl:equivalentClass ncit:C25193 ; skos:definition "The principal activity that a person does to earn money. [Definition Source: NCI]"^^xsd:string . dpo:NeurologicalAndPhysiologicalSymptom a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Neurological and Physiological Symptom"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:Symptom ; owl:equivalentClass symp:0000410 ; skos:definition ""^^xsd:string . symp:0000563 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "urinary frequency"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf symp:0000486 . symp:0000352 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "peripheral muscle weakness"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf symp:0000094 . ncit:C20047 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Diagnostic or Prognostic Factor"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf ncit:C20181 . dpo:DiabetesFastingBloodGlucoseLevel a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Diabetes Fasting Blood Glucose Level"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:BloodGlucoseMeasurement ; owl:intersectionOf ( loinc:1558-6 [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:allValuesFrom dpo:DiabetesFastingBloodGlucoseRange ; owl:onProperty sio:hasValue ] ) ; skos:definition "FPG ≥126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L). [Definition Source: url:https://doi.org/10.2337/dc22-S002 ]"^^xsd:string . dpo-kb:HighCostDiabetesTherapy a dpo:HighCostDiabetesTherapy . dpo-kb:PotentialASCVDBenefitDiabetesTherapy a dpo:PotentialASCVDBenefitDiabetesTherapy . symp:0019169 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "arthritis"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf symp:0000891 . dpo:Pain a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Pain"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:NervousSystemSymptom ; owl:equivalentClass symp:0000099 ; skos:definition "A sensation perception where there is an unpleasant sensation that usually indicates the body is threatened or damaged. The sensation may be sharp or dull, short-lived or chronic, intermittent or continual, confined to one area or spread over the entire body. [ url:http://www.nationalpainfoundation.org/MyTreatment/articles/Cancer_PainDefinitions.asp ][Definition Source: SYMP:0000576]"^^xsd:string . dpo:RenalDisease a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "Disease associated with kidneys, typically chronic kidney disease."^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Renal Disease"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:Disease ; owl:equivalentClass ncit:C3149 ; skos:definition "A neoplastic or non-neoplastic condition affecting the kidney. Representative examples of non-neoplastic conditions include glomerulonephritis and nephrotic syndrome. Representative examples of neoplastic conditions include benign processes (e.g., renal lipoma and renal fibroma) and malignant processes (e.g., renal cell carcinoma and renal lymphoma). [Definition Source: NCI]"^^xsd:string . dpo:HighTriglycerideRange a owl:DataRange ; rdfs:label "High Triglyceride Range" ; owl:maxInclusive "499"^^xsd:decimal ; owl:minInclusive "200"^^xsd:decimal ; owl:onDataRange xsd:decimal . chebi:50990 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "thiazolidinediones"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:ExternalClass . chebi:5441 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "glyburide"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:ExternalClass . ncit:C18772 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Personal Medical History"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf ncit:C54625 . hp:0025142 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Constitutional symptom"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:ExternalClass . sio:hasAttribute a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "has attribute"^^xsd:string . dpo:AlcoholUse a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Alcohol Use"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:Behavior ; owl:equivalentClass ncit:C81229 ; skos:definition "A description of an individual's current and past experience with alcoholic beverage consumption. [Definition Source: NCI]"^^xsd:string . dpo:VisionSymptom a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "A symptom involving visual impairment."^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Vision Symptom"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:Symptom ; owl:equivalentClass symp:0000320 ; skos:definition ""^^xsd:string . ncit:C29074 a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Glipizide"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf ncit:C97936 . dpo:NeutralHeartFailureRisk rdfs:comment "Minimal effect on reducing or increasing the risk of heart failure."^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Neutral Heart Failure Risk" ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:HeartFailureRisk ; skos:definition ""^^xsd:string . dpo:IncreasedASCVDRisk rdfs:comment "Potential to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease resulting from atherosclerosis."^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Increased ASCVD Risk" ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:AtheroscleroticCardiovascularDiseaseRisk ; skos:definition ""^^xsd:string . dpo:NormalTriglycerideLevel a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment ""^^xsd:string ; rdfs:label "Normal Triglyceride Level"^^xsd:string ; rdfs:subClassOf dpo:TriglycerideMeasurement ; owl:intersectionOf ( loinc:12228-3 [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:allValuesFrom dpo:NormalTriglycerideRange ; owl:onProperty sio:hasValue ] ) ; skos:definition ""^^xsd:string . dpo-kb:WeightLossDiabetesTherapy a dpo:WeightLossDiabetesTherapy . dpo:ExternalClass a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "External Class" . dpo:NormalWeight a owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "18.5